RuSHA criteria for SS candidates

September 4, 2008 on 9:16 pm | Ahnenerbe | Anthropology , Aryan Aesthetics, Eugenics, Nordicism, The Third Reich | No Comments | Email This Post | Print this Post

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In the late 1930s, [Adof Hitler] ordered the RuSHA to compose new and more stringent criteria for SS candidates. SS Hauptsturmfuehrer (Captain) Professor Bruno K. Schultz, a physical anthropologist, transmitted a set of criteria to the RuSHA Racial Commission, before which all prospective SS members had to appear for their final examinations.

Schultz divided his criteria into three parts: racial phenotype, physical condition, and “general bearing.” He aimed his set of values to favor the Nordic type. He listed five racial groupings: “pure Nordic,” “predominantly Nordic or Falic” [Falic = Brunn], “harmonious bastard [cross-breed] with slight Alpine, Dinaric or Mediterranean characteristics,” “bastards of predominantly East Baltic or Alpine origin,” and “bastards of extra-European origin.” Only those in the first three categories were eligible to join the SS.

Schultz also composed a list of nine categories of physical proportion as a guide for the physical examination of SS candidates. Candidates achieving ratings of 6-9 were passed; categories 4 and 5 were only passed after proving “Nordic qualities” in their behavior; while ratings 1-3 were failed. Himmler was adamant that his men be “of well-proportioned build; for instance there must be no disproportion between the lower leg and the thigh or between the legs and the body; otherwise an exceptional bodily effort is required to carry out long marches”. As to “Nordic bearing,” Himmler put it this way: “The point is that in his attitude to discipline the man should not behave like an underling, that his gait, his hands, everything, should correspond to the ideal which we set ourselves”.

No mention was made of intellectual or educational attainments. As Knoebel states: “No moral and intellectual achievement was refined to qualify as a Herrenmensch [a man born to be master].” explains why this had to be the case:

“Certainly the SS never could have been developed along educational or social lines. The only criterion which could serve as a uniting bond was to establish the new elite along the lines of racial selection. This would make the Schutzstaffel [SS] attractive to ambitious upstarts as well as promise continued membership in the new elite to upper bourgeoisie and especially the nobility.”

Alcoholics were rejected or expelled, as Knoebel makes clear: “Others, who qualified superbly according to the racial charts by the commission, were dismissed because they were found incapable of controlling their consumption of alcohol.” On December 31, 1931 Himmler issued a marriage law for SS men which stated that they could marry “solely if the necessary conditions of race and healthy stock were fulfilled” and only after approval by him or by RuSHA. The SS man and his fiancee had to fill out a RuSHA questionnaire, take a comprehensive physical examination administered by an SS doctor, provide photographs of themselves in bathing suits taken from three angles, and submit proof of Aryan ancestry back to 1800 (for officers, back to 1750). (The term “Aryan” as used in National Socialist laws and regulations denoted a person of non-Jewish European origin.) RuSHA would determine if both prospective spouses deserved to be entered into the SS clan book; in the case of SS leaders, Himmler would make the decision personally. To quote this order:

1. The SS is a formation of German men in the Nordic mold .

2. In keeping with National Socialist ideology and cognizant that our national future depends upon the selection and preservation of racially and hereditarily good stock, I am introducing a “marriage permit” for all single members of the SS.

3. The intended aim is (to produce) a valuable clan of German stock in the Nordic mound.

4. The marriage permit will be granted or refused solely on grounds of race and hereditary health.

5. Every SS man who intends to marry must obtain a marriage permit from the Reichsfuehrer-SS.

6. SS members who marry notwithstanding the refusal of a marriage permit will be expelled from the SS.

7. The relevant processing of marriage applications will be the task of the Racial Bureau of the SS.

8. The Racial Bureau of the SS will keep the “Clan Book of the SS,” in which the families of SS members will be entered after a marriage permit has been issued or a request for registration granted.


Jochen van Lang has reproduced the actual SS medical examination form as it stood in late 1939. It was designed to be employed for both male and female applicants. The examination was divided into five sections: “Permission for Disclosure,” “Past History of Family,” “Past Medical Treatment,” “Personal History,” and “General Findings of Examination.” Under “Past History of Family,” the only category of interest here is “precise data on chronic diseases, i.e., endocrine disturbances, allergies, alcoholism.” Family members included children, parents, siblings, children of siblings, and grandparents. Under “Personal History,” there was a question about “Mental development (schooling, career training, delinquency if any),” on which the candidate had only to secure a rating of “normal” (average), and two questions on “Character development” and “Noteworthy special giftedness.”

Section 5 was the most detailed and significant. It included a whole series of anthropometric and somatotypic measurements, as well as points on “Bearing and stride,” coloration of skin and eyes, coloration and texture of hair, and presence or absence of the Mongolian fold (inner epicanthic eyefold). The racial diagnosis followed, and then a long list of meticulous medical determinations. For women, the listing “Capability to bear children” appeared, and for men “Reproductive capability.” The nebulous listing “Degree of talent” followed, but could be passed simply by a rating of “normal.” Next followed the question, “Does the subject of the examination make a credible and frank impression?” Finally, the form requested a “Summary judgment on suitability for marriage,” and four questions were asked: “Total impression”; “Is perpetuation in racial/national sense desirable?”; “Are any conditions present that would affect medical opinion to contraindicate advisability of entering into a pregnancy?”; and “Is the subject now pregnant?” The rest of the form largely contained standard medical questions, although in greater number, detail, and specificity than one would normally expect

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“The ultimate aim for those 11 years during which I have been the Reichsfuehrer SS has been invariably the same: to create an order of good blood which is able to serve Germany; which unfailingly and without sparing itself can be made use of because the greatest losses can do no harm to the vitality of this order, the vitality of these men, because they will always be replaced; to create an order which will spread the idea of Nordic blood so far that we will attract all Nordic blood in the world, take away the blood from our adversaries, absorb it so that never again, looking at it from the viewpoint of grand policy, Nordic blood, in great quantities and to an extent worth mentioning, will fight against us.”

– Heinrich Himmler

The Men of the North

September 1, 2008 on 3:55 am | Ahnenerbe | Nordicism | No Comments | Email This Post | Print this Post

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by Baron Bodissey

For the tens of thousands of years of the Würm glaciation, Paleolithic hunting tribes lived at the southern edge of the ice fields in Europe and Asia. About 10,000 years ago, as the last of the glaciers receded, some groups chose to follow the retreating ice northwards. While their cousins in the warmer regions to the south were smelting metal, these hardy tribes were knapping flint. While the southerners were inventing agriculture, slavery, and the ziggurat, the northerners were hunting large game in the chilly grasslands and forests of Central Asia and Northern Europe.

One such group arose in the steppes of Central Asia, shifting to the Neolithic era by taming the horse and other livestock. These folk lived a nomadic existence, migrating in all directions during the last several millennia before the birth of Christ. For want of a better term, they are known as “Indo-Europeans”, in reference to the language group their descendents propagated throughout the western half of Eurasia.

Some of the migrants turned south, invading, conquering, and taking up the ways of the city-states in the Indus Valley, Anatolia, and the Mediterranean basin. Other branches moved westwards and northwards, both in Europe and in Asia, displacing the indigenes and even opening up ice-free territory to humans for the first time.

Two major waves of Indo-Europeans migrated into Western and Northern Europe. Celtic tribes swept through Central Europe to take up residence in what is now Germany, France, the Low Countries, and the British Isles. Later Germanic tribes pressed on after the Celts, supplanting them in many places, moving northwards into Scandinavia and pushing the ancestors of the Lapps and the Finns further up the Baltic and into the Arctic.

The Celtic and Germanic tribes were closely related; some ethnologists consider them to be two branches of the same group. Their cultures were similar; they traded with one another, fought with one another, and presumably intermarried. But all across northern Europe the Germanic tribes nevertheless pushed the Celts further and further west, until their last remaining outposts were the British Isles. The Romans assisted the Germanic conquests by hiring Frankish tribes as mercenaries against the Celts in Gaul.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, the now-ascendant Germanic tribes of the Low Countries, Jutland, and northern Germany saw their opportunity. During the 5th and 6th centuries A.D., wave after wave of tiny boats carried these various German tribes across the cold North Sea to Britain. They massacred or drove out the Romanized and Christian Celts, pushing them west and north, and stayed on to till the soil and raise livestock.

Three major groups descended on Britain. The Jutes, originating in Jutland and Holstein, settled in what is now Kent. Meanwhile, the Angles came from northern Germany, particularly Schleswig, and settled in Norfolk and Suffolk. The Saxons migrated from the region between the Elbe and Weser valleys in northwest Germany to occupy south-central England and what eventually became Wessex.

But, of course, this account simplifies a chaotic mélange of related tribes who mixed and feuded with one another as well as with their Celtic neighbors.

As the country was subdued, the settlers established Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the region of Britain south of Hadrian’s Wall and east of Offa’s Dyke. The Christian Celts were driven into Wales and Ireland, while the pagan groups speaking more or less mutually intelligible Low German dialects occupied what is now England.

As the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity, the kingdoms of England became less chaotic and violent. With stable farming communities, a literate clergy, and a system of inherited kingship, Britain adopted the general model of contemporary European Christian culture.

But to the north and east the Scandinavian tribes still seethed with pagan violence. As their numbers increased, there was little territory into which the surplus population could expand. The available arable or pastoral land was limited, and inland from the fjords were slopes of rocky scree, and then the glaciers.

So the tough and pugnacious younger sons took to the sea in their longboats, and the age of the Viking raiders began.

When the monastery at Lindisfarne in northern England was sacked by the Vikings in 793, it was recorded by the Northumbrian chronicler Alcuin as an event of unspeakable brutality. Yet two and a half centuries earlier it was Alcuin’s ancestors, the heathen Saxons, who had slaughtered and raped their way through the Christian communities of Britain. The Vikings were scarcely different; they were just late to the game.

Over the next two or three centuries the relentless Vikings raided their way across Europe. From Greenland to Algiers, from Labrador to the Volga, the Vikings made their presence felt. From Sweden they crossed the Baltic and rowed up the rivers into Russia. They ported their boats across to the Don and the Dnepr and the Volga, and sailed to the Black Sea and the farthest reaches of southeastern Europe. Rounding Gibraltar, Vikings raided the Mediterranean coasts of Iberia, Italy, and Muslim North Africa. The Vikings even had the rare distinction of taking Arabs as slaves.

But, despite the conquest and slaughter, and unlike the Arabs (who were dedicated slave-traders), the Vikings did not generally take slaves during their raids. Perhaps the necessity of rapid movement by sea and the long passages through the cold northern waters discouraged the practice.

The Vikings were otherwise dedicated traders, establishing fortified mercantile settlements wherever they went. The Norse Vikings, after plundering the many rich monastic targets in Ireland and northwestern Scotland, established trading centers which became Dublin, Limerick, and other major Irish cities. In their wake they left their blond-haired genes to supplement the black hair of the Celts.

What made the Vikings different from the Anglo-Saxons was their failure to impose their culture on the people they conquered. They were content to rule and prosper, adopting the language and customs of the people they defeated. The different branches of Viking invaders — the Rus, the Normans, the Danes in England, the Norse in Scotland and Ireland — became, after two or three generations, indistinguishable from the folk they conquered.

When Danish Vikings invaded and occupied large sections of England, the result was to cement the unity of the Anglo-Saxons against them. The English accepted the Danelaw in northeastern England. They paid the Danegeld; however, over the next century the English gradually incorporated the Danes and merged with them.

Their two cultures and languages were similar; hundreds of Old English words were so close to Old Norse that Danish versions supplanted the English ones. When the heathen Vikings converted to Christianity, there remained little to distinguish them from the English. By the time the Danish king Canute became king of England in 1017, the Danelaw and England had become a single culture.

In 1066, England was conquered by a different group of Northmen, from across the English channel in France.

These Normans were descendents of the Vikings who had raided and plundered in northern France. In the process of settling there, like Vikings all across Europe, they had forgotten their own language and culture and had taken on that of the people they conquered. Consequently, when the Normans abolished the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy in England and established their own legal system, they were importing a variant of ancestral Roman law.

Like other Mediterranean cultures, Rome had possessed political and legal structures whose lineage could be traced all the way back to the earliest city-states of Mesopotamia. For thousands of years the polities of the region had been centralized agricultural city-states, with rigid hierarchical structures and elaborately bureaucratized administration.

Conversion to Christianity did not change this ancient underlying worldview. Thus, God granted authority to the sovereign, who in turn dispensed justice and mercy to his subjects. Any rights the common people possessed were passed on to (or withheld from) them by the sovereign. This was the natural order of the world, and had been so for time out of mind.

I call this southern system of governance the “Pharaonic model”. It widely diverged from and was in conflict with the ways of the Normans’ English vassals. Their northern practice was represented by the yeomanry, the society of free-born petty landholders, who governed themselves by time-honored Anglo-Saxon custom.

This is not to say that the Anglo-Saxons had no hierarchy. However, it was a shallower and more fluid system than its Pharaonic counterpart. Anglo-Saxon governance was based on the prowess and virtue of those who were deemed noble, and instead of a Pharaoh there was a Cyning, a King, who represented his folk as their exemplar, rather than as their ruler.

A yeoman’s rights were granted directly to him by God and could not be revoked by his sovereign. The Normans, in order to rule their new lands successfully, were required to recognize the “ancient liberties” of their Anglo-Saxon subjects. When his rebellious barons compelled the Norman King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, they were simply retaking their ancient liberties. The customs of the men of the North thus survived despite the Normans and became the English Common Law.

Over the next four centuries the Common Law was elaborated into the English Constitution, with its Parliament and system of justice. This, then, was the political model that the English settlers carried in their minds when they debarked into the mosquito-ridden swamps of Virginia in 1607.

English governance was transplanted successfully to North America, but the character of the new land was not solely English. The landless younger sons of the gentry, the fugitives and criminals, the religious refugees, and the political outcasts who initially came to America were drawn from the most adventurous and entrepreneurial of the Anglo-Saxon and Danish bloodlines.

These, in turn, were soon supplemented by massive numbers of Celts, first the Scots-Irish, driven by poverty and political maginalization. They pushed beyond the English settlers into the Appalachian highlands. After the Revolution, they in their turn were supplemented by waves of surplus Irish. Near where I live in Virginia, there was a large Welsh community, drawn here by geography: the ample deposits of slate created a demand for their well-known quarrying expertise.

With a tradition of fierce independence and a martial spirit, the Celts were scarcely governable except on their own terms. Combined with the yeoman small-holders from the English tradition, they formed the basis of what is now “redneck” culture, and were the backbone of the American military in all our wars.

And this was not only true in the United States — the Scots and the Irish outnumbered the English throughout the British Empire. Wherever the soldiers, sailors, and merchants of the British Isles went, the Celts were over-represented.

North America received further transfusions of northern European blood throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. The Dutch and the Germans were already well-represented in the original colonies. In the later 19th century Swedes and Norwegians spread across the northern plains of the United States and Canada, bringing with them an ability to withstand the harsh winters and an additional dose of the spirit of the North. The same folk who settled Greenland and Iceland came centuries later to homestead the frozen lake country of Minnesota and North Dakota.

This, then, is the complex American character, which is the largest facet of what is now known as the Anglosphere. But it is no more English than it is Irish or Scottish or Danish or Welsh. It is the character of the Men of the North, and is best represented by the Minutemen, the freeborn citizens who took up arms in 1776 to retake their ancient liberties.

What was originally a racial characteristic had long become a cultural one. It remains open to anyone who cares to accept the rules and join the game. After all, Thomas Sowell has shown that the descendents of African slaves adopted Southern redneck culture, and not just its positive aspects. Prior to the Multicultural Age the main attraction of our country was that anyone who came here, obeyed the law, and took the oath became an American.

The Pharaonic model was neither understood nor welcomed here. We are the descendents of those Paleolithic hunters, and when the Minutemen rose up in self-defense, they were, in effect, confronting another mastodon with their flint-tipped spears. They were a voluntary and self-organized group, taking collective action by common consent to serve a common purpose.

We are not so many generations removed from the Men of the North; their spirit can still be revived. The welfare state is only a recent graft onto the tree of Liberty. It is as ephemeral as was the Norman yoke on the shoulders of English yeomen.

The Men of the North faced lethal reality with nothing more than their courage, their wits, and a willingness to co-operate with one another. We will need to do the same again.

A new mastodon is looming in the glacial mist. We can only hope that the art of knapping flint is not completely forgotten.

Source: Gates of Vienna

The Vandals Sack Rome: The Lost Gold of Rome by Daniel Costa

August 30, 2008 on 5:35 pm | Friedrich Braun | Books , History , Nordicism | No Comments | Email This Post | Print this Post
ISBN 9780750943970; 2007

During the second month of Maximus’ rule at Rome, news reached the
city that the mighty fleet of Gaiseric, had appeared at the mouth of
the Tiber. The hordes of Gaiseric stole methodically anything of
value they could find. Every region of Rome was plundered
simultaneously.

The Vandals left Rome after fourteen interminable days, taking with
them the Empress Eudoxia, her daughter Eudocia, and Gaudentius, one
of the sons of Aetius. Moreover, they took into captivity thousands
of Romans: it has been suggested that Rome lost nearly 200,000 of her
citizens during the two weeks of the sack. Exactly as the Visigoths
had behaved forty-five years earlier, they forced no changes in the
government and did not initiate a military occupation. But they left
behind a profoundly humiliated and impoverished city with ugly scars
caused by their rapacity and dead bodies decomposing in the streets.

In Africa, Rome’s granary, the Vandals had taken over the lands of
the Roman nobility and the Roman Church. Most of the senatorial
families were now destitute, and famous ancient families vanished.

Rome and the End of the Empire in the West

The antagonistic presence of the Vandals in Africa, their control
over the grain supply to Rome and Italy, and the vigorous raids of
their navy seriously enfeebled the Roman strength in the Western
provinces. Moreover, during the four decades that followed the rapid
disintegration of the Hunnic Empire in 454, the Germanic barbarians
gradually expanded their territories in Gaul and Spain. And with the
assassination of Aetius by Valentinian III in 455 the Roman power in
the West had received a last, violent body-blow.

The continuing crisis in the Western Empire, fueled by unremitting
barbarian incursions, the haemorrhaging of her once great wealth
through raids and to the Church, and the growing power of Christian
leaders, finally drove the empire over the edge. Its demise paved the
way for the complete triumph of the barbarians and the onset of the
Middle Ages.

Rome under the Ostrogoths: The Lost Gold of Rome by Daniel Costa

August 30, 2008 on 5:11 pm | Friedrich Braun | Books , History , Nordicism | No Comments | Email This Post | Print this Post

ISBN 9780750943970; 2007

After the German defeat of the Huns in 454, the Ostrogoths took over
Pannonia, migrating into the Balkans in 473. To rid himself of the
troublesome Balkan Ostrogoths of Theodoric, who in 487 had marched to
the walls of Constantinople, the eastern Emperor Zeno supported the
idea of their departure for Italy in 488. The Ostrogoths were to
snatch it from Odoacer and rule it under eastern imperial control.
Zeno was clearly not in a position to reconquer Italy himself. As for
the Ostrogoths, they lacked provisions and had been longing for many
years to settle.

In 488, approximately forty thousand Ostrogoths began advancing
towards Italy along the old Roman roads, accompanied by their wagons.
Food was scarce. After marching past cities with locked gates and
defeating the fierce Gepids, another Germanic tribe, Theodoric
finally led his famished people into Italy. It took Theodoric three
and a half years and several vicious battles in Italy to win the war
with Odoacer. On 25 February 493, Theodoric concluded a treaty with
Odoacer whereby they were to rule Italy as coregents. Only ten days
afterwards, Theodoric ended the life of Odoacer with his own hands
during a shared meal in Ravenna on 5 March 493.

Germans Lay Siege to Rome

August 24, 2008 on 8:24 pm | Friedrich Braun | Books , History , Nordicism | No Comments | Email This Post | Print this Post

Alaric Lays Siege To Rome
The Lost Gold of Rome by Daniel Costa
ISBN 9780750943970; 2007

In October 408, Alaric approached the Eternal City for the first time and organised a cordon around it. He took over Portus and put an end to the flow of grain to the city. He began to starve Rome slowly, hoping that this kind of pressure was going to get him what he wanted. The Visigoths possessed neither the skills nor the technology to break through the brick walls.
Continue reading Germans Lay Siege to Rome…

Racial Identity’s Gray Area: The Definition of Whiteness Continues to Shift

June 15, 2008 on 9:39 pm | Friedrich Braun | Nordicism, Race Realism , Racialism, White Nationalism | 3 Comments | Email This Post | Print this Post

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Football great John Elway is a good racial representative of the original American racial stock.

In the North American context, a White man is someone who is genetically, racially wholly of North Western European and Protestant ancestory. All else is liberal/Marxist agitprop. In sum, an American is someone who racially represents the first colonists who were English, Scotch-Irish, German, and Scandinavian. All were of Nordic racial stock. They would’ve shuddered at the thought of including Southern and East Europeans in the category of White men and women. Of course, the U.S. census considers Jews, Middle Easterners, and many Hispanics as White. Hence, the official statistic that 72% or 73% of America is White is illusory and worthless.

When Barack Obama, whose mother was white, identifies himself as black, and when Bill Richardson, whose father was white, identifies himself as Hispanic, who is white?

ENGLISH TRANSLATION of the Danish National Anthem

June 3, 2008 on 9:16 pm | Friedrich Braun | European Nationalism , Nordicism | No Comments | Email This Post | Print this Post

I found this translation of the Danish National Anthem, which is done well enough that it can actually be sung in English. It is a real Viking song. I really like the line “and this is Freya’s Hall.”
Continue reading ENGLISH TRANSLATION of the Danish National Anthem…

Uncle Thor’s Magazine Online

June 3, 2008 on 8:33 pm | Friedrich Braun | Nordicism, Paganism | No Comments | Email This Post | Print this Post

Go here.

See also Uncle Thor’s Blog.

Viking DNA

May 29, 2008 on 6:47 pm | Friedrich Braun | Genetics & Human Bio-Diversity , History , Nordicism | No Comments | Email This Post | Print this Post

Evidence of Authentic DNA from Danish Viking Age Skeletons Untouched by Humans for 1,000 Years We avoided some of these obstacles by analyzing DNA from ten Viking Age subjects that at the time of sampling were untouched by humans for 1,000 years. We removed teeth from the subjects prior to handling by archaeologists and anthropologists using protective equipment.

Researchers Recover Thousand-Year- Old Viking DNA: The Vikings buried on the Danish island of Funen may very well have sailed all the way to Constantinople or Baghdad or Moscow, looting and pillaging with lusty ferocity. And now we’ve got their DNA.

DNA Retrieved from 1,000-year-old Vikings: Although “Viking” often refers to pirates and robbers at sea, recent research has indicated that the Vikings were also traders to the fishmongers of Europe.

Ultima Thule: Julius Evola and Herman Wirth

May 22, 2008 on 5:04 pm | Friedrich Braun | History , Nordicism, Paganism | No Comments | Email This Post | Print this Post

In this short monograph, Arthur Branwen shows the influence of Herman Wirth on the thought of Julius Evola and clarifies how Evola adapted Wirth’s ideas on the origins of Western civilisation. Herman Wirth (1885‐1981) was born in Holland, becoming a German citizen in 1910. He headed up the Ahnenerbe from its founding in 1935 until 1937.

Evola himself concludes his chapter on Wirth from MS with these words:

… the period preceding liberalism and scientism was characterized by three fundamental
ideas:

1. The equality of the human race

2. Nordic barbarianism and the origin of every civilisation from the East

3. The Hebraic origin of monotheism

Wirth struck down or overthrew those ideas with these three:

1. Humanity is differentiated into distinct races

2. Civilisation did not come from the East, but from the North

3. It was the Nordics who would have known a higher monotheistic religion well before
the Hebrews

Download the article here:

ultimathule.pdf

A nice site for all Norse Heathens

May 10, 2008 on 5:03 pm | Friedrich Braun | Nordicism, Paganism | No Comments | Email This Post | Print this Post

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Odin with his two ravens and two wolves.

You can purchase lots of cool stuff on her Web site.

The Thorr’s Hammer Site…Originality based on Tradition here.

Aryan Blue Eyes

April 28, 2008 on 7:05 pm | Friedrich Braun | Genetics & Human Bio-Diversity , Nordicism | 4 Comments | Email This Post | Print this Post

Are you blond and blue-eyed? If so, you’re a culture-creator and your existence is in danger!

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Blue eyes spell success.

How Blue or Green Eyes Appeared.

blue eyes and light sensitivity–examples here and here and here.

Chlorine and blue eyes?

Blue Eyes for the Winter, Light-Brown for the Summer.

No Single Gene For Eye Color, Researchers Prove.

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